Child Labour, Seasonal Migration and School Exclusion: A Sad Story of Tribal Girls in Rural India

Authors

  • Pankaj Das Assistant Professor in Sociology of Education, School of Education, Sharda University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2020/v39/i4/147530

Keywords:

Social Capital, Enculturation, Tribal Girls, School Exclusion, Seasonal Migration.

Abstract

The present study explores school exclusion among the migrant tribal girls at the elementary education level in the selected tribal-dominated areas of Odisha, India. The major objective of the study is to examine how social capital theory explains the patterns of girls’ schooling among the seasonal migrants, which consequently leads to child labour and finally their premature withdrawal from school. In the given socio-cultural contexts, the impact of the process of enculturation on the schooling of girl children in rural India restricts their social mobility and equal opportunity. By using the theoretical framework of ‘social capital’, the study also explores the life experiences of tribal migrant girls to understand the phenomenon of school exclusion in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Downloads

Published

2021-05-13

How to Cite

Das, P. (2021). Child Labour, Seasonal Migration and School Exclusion: A Sad Story of Tribal Girls in Rural India. Journal of Rural Development, 39(4), 504–518. https://doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2020/v39/i4/147530

Issue

Volume 39, Issue 4, October-December 2020

Section

Articles
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Author Biography

Pankaj Das, Assistant Professor in Sociology of Education, School of Education, Sharda University

Assistant Professor in Sociology of Education, School of Education, Sharda University

References

Ananga, E.D (2013). Child Migration and Dropping Out of Basic School in Ghana: The Case of Children in a Fishing Community. Creative Education, 4 (6), 405-410.

ASER Centre. (2014). Annual Status of Education Report 2013. New Delhi: ASER Centre- PRATHAM.

Astone, Nan M., Constance, A.N., Robert, S., & Young, K. (1991). Family Demography, Social Theory, and Investment in Social Capital. Population and Development Review, 25(1). 1-31.

Astone, Nan M., & McLanahan, S.S. (1991). Family Structure, Parental Practices and High School Completion. American Sociological Review, 56, 309-320.

Balagopalan, S., & Subrahmanian, R. (2003). Dalit and Adivasi Children in Schools: Some Preliminary Research Themes and Findings. IDS Bulletin, 34 (1), 43-54.

Batbaatar, M., Bold, T., Marshall, J., Oyuntsetseg, D., Tamir, C. & Tumennast, G. (2006). Children on the move: rural-urban migration and access to education in Mongolia. CHIP Report No. 17. Save the Children UK/CHIP.

Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In J.G. Richardson, (Ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood.

Chanana, K. (2006). Educate Girls, Prepare Them for Life? In R. Kumar (Ed.), The Crisis of Elementary Education in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 200-223.

Chandrasekhar, S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. (2006). Cost and Caste Factors Affecting Primary School Attendance Decisions: Evidence from Rural India. Pennsylvania: Department of Economics, The Pennsylvania State University.

Colclough, C., Rose, P. & Tembon, M. (2000). Gender Inequalities in Primary Schooling: The Roles of Poverty and Adverse Cultural Practice. International Journal of Educational Development, 20. 5–27.

Colman, J. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94. 94-120.

Dachi, H.A. and Garrett, R.M. (2003) Child Labour and its Impact on Children’s Access to and Participation in Primary Education: A Case Study from Tanzania. London: DFID.

Das, P. (2013). Girls at Risk: Investigating the Extent and Process of Dropping Out in Elementary Education in India. The International Journal of Learner Diversities and Identities, 19 (1)1: 1-18.

Dunne, M. & Leach, F. (2005). Gendered School Experiences: The Impact on Retention and Achievement. London: DFID

Ferguson, H. B., Bovaird, S. & Muller, M. P. (2007). The Impact of Poverty on Educational Outcomes for Children. Paediatric Child Health, 12(8): 701–706.

Froerer, P. (2012). Learning, Livelihoods, and Social Mobility: Valuing Girls’ Education in Central India. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 43: 344-357.

Garcia-Reid, P. (2007). Examining Social Capital as a Mechanism for Improving School Engagement among Low Income Hispanic Girls. Youth and Society, 39 (20): 164-168.

Government of India (2012). Statistics of School Education, 2010-11. Department of Higher Education. MHRD: New Delhi.

Guarcello, L., Lyon, S. and Rosati, F. (2005) Impact of Children’s Work on School Attendance and Performance: A Review of School Survey Evidence from Five Countries. Understanding Children’s Work Project.

Hashim, I.M. (2005). Exploring the Linkages between Children’s Independent Migration and Education: Evidence from Ghana. Working Paper T12. DRC on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty. Brighton: University of Sussex

Hunt, F. (2008). ‘Dropping Out from School: A Cross-Country Review Of Literature’. CREATE Huisma, J., & Smits, J. (2009). Keeping Children in School: Household and District Level Determinants of School Dropout in 322 Districts of 30 Developing Countries. Nijmegen Center for Economics (NICE) Working Paper, No. 09-105. Nigmejen: Radboud University.

Jha, J., & Jhingran, D. (2005). Elementary Education for the Poorest and Other Deprived Groups: The Real Challenge of Universalization. New Delhi: Manohar.

Karlekar, M. (2000). “Girls Access to Schooling: An Assessment†in R. Wazir, (Ed.) The Gender Gap in Basic Education: NGOs as Change Agents. New Delhi: Sage Publications.

Kaul, R. (2001). Accessing Primary Education - Going Beyond the Classroom. Economic and Political Weekly, 36(2): 155-62.

Kingdon, G. (2007). The Progress of School Education in India. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(2):168–195.

Kumar, K. (1986). Growing Up Male, Seminar, No. 318, February.

Lloyd, C.B., Mete, C. & Sathar, Z.A. (2005). Effect of Gender Differences in Primary School Access, Type, and Quality on the Decision to Enroll in Rural Pakistan. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 53(3), 685-710.

Malik, B, & Mohanty, S. (2009). Rural Poverty and Schooling: A Case Study of Balasore District of Rural Orissa. Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 23(3), 257-281.

Mansuri, G. (2006) Migration, School Attainment and Child Labor: Evidence from Rural Pakistan. Research Working Paper, Washington DC: World Bank.

Nambissan, G.B. (2000). Identity, Exclusion and Education of Tribal Communities. In Rekha Wazir (Ed.) The Gender Gap in Basic Education: NGOs as Change Agents. New Delhi: Sage.

Nambissan, G.B. (2004). Integrating Gender Concerns, Seminar, 536, April: 40-45. National Sample Survey Organization. (2014). Employment and Unemployment Situation in India-2011-12, NSSO 68th Round Report, NSSO, New Delhi.

Nayar, U. (1993). Universal Primary Education of Rural Girls. New Delhi: NCERT.

Okumu, I. M., Nakajjo, A., & Isoke, D. (2016). Socio-economic Determinants of Primary School Dropout: The Logistical Model Analysis. African Journal of Economic Review, 4 (1), 217-241.

Page, E. (2005). Negotiation and Compromise: Gender and Government Elementary Education. In Radhika Chopra and Patricia Jeffery (Eds.) Educational Regimes in Contemporary India. Delhi: Sage. Pp. 178-196.

Ping, H., and Pieke, F. (2003), China Migration Country Study, Presented at Conference on Migration, Development and Pro-Poor Policy Choices in Asia, Dhaka, 22-24 June 2003.

Ramachandran, V. (2003). Getting Children Back to School: Case Studies in Primary Education. New Delhi: Sage publication.

Rampal, A. (2002). Texts in Context: Development Of Curricula, Textbooks and Teaching Learning Materials. In: R. Govinda (Ed.), India Education Report. New Delhi: OUP.

Rath, S.N. (1992). Literacy in Tribal India: An Evaluation. I:n B. Chaudhari (Ed.) Education and Literacy Programmes. New Delhi: Deep Publications.

Rao, N.2010. Migration, Education and Socio-Economic Mobility. Compare, 40(2):137–145.

Reid, G.P. (2007). Examining Social Capital as a Mechanism for Improving School Engagement Among Low Income Hispanic Girls. Youth and Society, 39 (2), 164-181.

Rumberger, R.W. (1995). Dropping out of Middle school: A Multi-Level Analysis of Students and Schools. American Educational Research Journal, 32 (3), 583-625.

Saxena, S., and Agnihotri, R.K. (2010). Girls’ Education: A Sociological Perspective. Abridged Version. Bhopal: RCVP Noronha Academy of Administration and UNICEF.

Smita (2008). Distress Seasonal Migration and Its Impact on Children’s Education. CREATE Pathways to Access Research Monograph, No. 28. Brighton: University of Sussex.

Stanton-Salazar, R. D. (2001). Manufacturing Hope and Despair: The School and Kin Support Networks of US-Mexican Youth. (xvi, p. 332). Sociology of Education Series. New York: Teachers College Press.

Sujatha, K. (2000). Education of Indian Scheduled Tribes: A Study of Community Schools in the District of Vishakapatnam. Paris: International Institute of Educational Planning.

UNICEF (2014). All in School: Global Initiative on Out-of-School Children- A Situational Study of India. New Delhi: UNICEF Publishing.